feat(storage): encrypted secret values (#2588)

This adds an AES-GCM 256bit encryption layer for storage for sensitive items. This is only TOTP secrets for the time being but this may be expanded later. This will require a configuration change as per https://www.authelia.com/docs/configuration/migration.html#4330.

Closes #682

config.template.yml

@@ -507,6 +507,10 @@ regulation:
 ##
 ## The available providers are: `local`, `mysql`, `postgres`. You must use one and only one of these providers.
 storage:
+  ## The encryption key that is used to encrypt sensitive information in the database. Must be a string with a minimum
+  ## length of 20. Please see the docs if you configure this with an undesirable key and need to change it.
+  # encryption_key: you_must_generate_a_random_string_of_more_than_twenty_chars_and_configure_this
+
   ##
   ## Local (Storage Provider)
   ##

docs/configuration/secrets.md

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ other configuration using the environment but instead of loading a file the valu
 |session.secret                                   |AUTHELIA_SESSION_SECRET_FILE                            |
 |session.redis.password                           |AUTHELIA_SESSION_REDIS_PASSWORD_FILE                    |
 |session.redis.high_availability.sentinel_password|AUTHELIA_REDIS_HIGH_AVAILABILITY_SENTINEL_PASSWORD_FILE |
+|storage.encryption_key                           |AUTHELIA_STORAGE_ENCRYPTION_KEY_FILE                    |
 |storage.mysql.password                           |AUTHELIA_STORAGE_MYSQL_PASSWORD_FILE                    |
 |storage.postgres.password                        |AUTHELIA_STORAGE_POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE                 |
 |notifier.smtp.password                           |AUTHELIA_NOTIFIER_SMTP_PASSWORD_FILE                    |

docs/configuration/storage/index.md

@@ -6,9 +6,43 @@ nav_order: 14
 has_children: true
 ---
 
-# Storage backends
-
 **Authelia** supports multiple storage backends. The backend is used to store user preferences, 2FA device handles and 
 secrets, authentication logs, etc...
 
 The available storage backends are listed in the table of contents below.
+
+## Configuration
+
+```yaml
+storage:
+  encryption_key: a_very_important_secret
+  local: {}
+  mysql: {}
+  postgres: {}
+```
+
+## Options
+
+### encryption_key
+<div markdown="1">
+type: string
+{: .label .label-config .label-purple }
+required: yes
+{: .label .label-config .label-red }
+</div>
+
+The encryption key used to encrypt data in the database. It has a minimum length of 20 and must be provided. We encrypt 
+data by creating a sha256 checksum of the provided value, and use that to encrypt the data with the AES-GCM 256bit 
+algorithm.
+
+The encrypted data in the database is as follows:
+- TOTP Secret
+
+### local
+See [SQLite](./sqlite.md).
+
+### mysql
+See [MySQL](./mysql.md).
+
+### postgres
+See [PostgreSQL](./postgres.md).

docs/configuration/storage/mariadb.md

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ The MySQL storage provider also serves as a MariaDB provider.
 
 ```yaml
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_very_important_secret
   mysql:
     host: 127.0.0.1
     port: 3306
@@ -24,6 +25,9 @@ storage:
 
 ## Options
 
+### encryption_key
+See the [encryption_key docs](./index.md#encryption_key).
+
 ### host
 <div markdown="1">
 type: string

docs/configuration/storage/mysql.md

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ The MySQL storage provider.
 
 ```yaml
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_very_important_secret
   mysql:
     host: 127.0.0.1
     port: 3306
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ storage:
 
 ## Options
 
+### encryption_key
+See the [encryption_key docs](./index.md#encryption_key).
+
 ### host
 <div markdown="1">
 type: string

docs/configuration/storage/postgres.md

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ The PostgreSQL storage provider.
 
 ```yaml
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_very_important_secret
   postgres:
     host: 127.0.0.1
     port: 5432
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ storage:
 
 ## Options
 
+### encryption_key
+See the [encryption_key docs](./index.md#encryption_key).
+
 ### host
 <div markdown="1">
 type: string

docs/configuration/storage/sqlite.md

@@ -20,12 +20,16 @@ requires you setup an external database.
 
 ```yaml
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_very_important_secret
   local:
     path: /config/db.sqlite3
 ```
 
 ## Options
 
+### encryption_key
+See the [encryption_key docs](./index.md#encryption_key).
+
 ### path
 <div markdown="1">
 type: string

internal/commands/const.go

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 package commands
 
+import (
+	"errors"
+)
+
 const cmdAutheliaExample = `authelia --config /etc/authelia/config.yml --config /etc/authelia/access-control.yml
 authelia --config /etc/authelia/config.yml,/etc/authelia/access-control.yml
 authelia --config /etc/authelia/config/
@@ -80,3 +84,12 @@ const (
 	storageMigrateDirectionUp   = "up"
 	storageMigrateDirectionDown = "down"
 )
+
+const (
+	storageExportFormatCSV = "csv"
+	storageExportFormatURI = "uri"
+)
+
+var (
+	errNoStorageProvider = errors.New("no storage provider configured")
+)

internal/commands/helpers.go

@@ -1,28 +1,84 @@
 package commands
 
 import (
-	"errors"
+	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/authentication"
-
+	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/authorization"
+	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/middlewares"
+	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/notification"
+	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/ntp"
+	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/oidc"
+	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/regulation"
+	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/session"
 	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/storage"
+	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/utils"
 )
 
-func getStorageProvider() (provider storage.Provider, err error) {
+func getStorageProvider() (provider storage.Provider) {
 	switch {
 	case config.Storage.PostgreSQL != nil:
-		provider = storage.NewPostgreSQLProvider(*config.Storage.PostgreSQL)
+		return storage.NewPostgreSQLProvider(*config.Storage.PostgreSQL, config.Storage.EncryptionKey)
 	case config.Storage.MySQL != nil:
-		provider = storage.NewMySQLProvider(*config.Storage.MySQL)
+		return storage.NewMySQLProvider(*config.Storage.MySQL, config.Storage.EncryptionKey)
 	case config.Storage.Local != nil:
-		provider = storage.NewSQLiteProvider(config.Storage.Local.Path)
+		return storage.NewSQLiteProvider(config.Storage.Local.Path, config.Storage.EncryptionKey)
 	default:
-		return nil, errors.New("no storage provider configured")
+		return nil
 	}
-
+}
-	if (config.Storage.MySQL != nil && config.Storage.PostgreSQL != nil) ||
+
-		(config.Storage.MySQL != nil && config.Storage.Local != nil) ||
+func getProviders() (providers middlewares.Providers, warnings []error, errors []error) {
-		(config.Storage.PostgreSQL != nil && config.Storage.Local != nil) {
+	// TODO: Adjust this so the CertPool can be used like a provider.
-		return nil, errors.New("multiple storage providers are configured but should only configure one")
+	autheliaCertPool, warnings, errors := utils.NewX509CertPool(config.CertificatesDirectory)
-	}
+	if len(warnings) != 0 || len(errors) != 0 {
-
+		return providers, warnings, errors
-	return provider, err
+	}
+
+	storageProvider := getStorageProvider()
+
+	var (
+		userProvider authentication.UserProvider
+		err          error
+	)
+
+	switch {
+	case config.AuthenticationBackend.File != nil:
+		userProvider = authentication.NewFileUserProvider(config.AuthenticationBackend.File)
+	case config.AuthenticationBackend.LDAP != nil:
+		userProvider = authentication.NewLDAPUserProvider(config.AuthenticationBackend, autheliaCertPool)
+	}
+
+	var notifier notification.Notifier
+
+	switch {
+	case config.Notifier.SMTP != nil:
+		notifier = notification.NewSMTPNotifier(config.Notifier.SMTP, autheliaCertPool)
+	case config.Notifier.FileSystem != nil:
+		notifier = notification.NewFileNotifier(*config.Notifier.FileSystem)
+	}
+
+	var ntpProvider *ntp.Provider
+	if config.NTP != nil {
+		ntpProvider = ntp.NewProvider(config.NTP)
+	}
+
+	clock := utils.RealClock{}
+	authorizer := authorization.NewAuthorizer(config)
+	sessionProvider := session.NewProvider(config.Session, autheliaCertPool)
+	regulator := regulation.NewRegulator(config.Regulation, storageProvider, clock)
+
+	oidcProvider, err := oidc.NewOpenIDConnectProvider(config.IdentityProviders.OIDC)
+	if err != nil {
+		errors = append(errors, err)
+	}
+
+	return middlewares.Providers{
+		Authorizer:      authorizer,
+		UserProvider:    userProvider,
+		Regulator:       regulator,
+		OpenIDConnect:   oidcProvider,
+		StorageProvider: storageProvider,
+		NTP:             ntpProvider,
+		Notifier:        notifier,
+		SessionProvider: sessionProvider,
+	}, warnings, errors
 }

internal/commands/helpers_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+package commands
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+
+	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/configuration/schema"
+)
+
+func TestGetStorageProvider(t *testing.T) {
+	config = &schema.Configuration{}
+
+	assert.Nil(t, getStorageProvider())
+}

internal/commands/root.go

@@ -8,19 +8,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
-	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/authentication"
-	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/authorization"
 	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/configuration/schema"
 	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/logging"
 	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/middlewares"
 	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/models"
-	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/notification"
-	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/ntp"
-	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/oidc"
-	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/regulation"
 	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/server"
-	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/session"
-	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/utils"
 )
 
@@ -67,7 +59,7 @@ func cmdRootRun(_ *cobra.Command, _ []string) {
 		logger.Fatalf("Cannot initialize logger: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	providers, warnings, errors := getProviders(config)
+	providers, warnings, errors := getProviders()
 	if len(warnings) != 0 {
 		for _, err := range warnings {
 			logger.Warn(err)
@@ -87,72 +79,6 @@ func cmdRootRun(_ *cobra.Command, _ []string) {
 	server.Start(*config, providers)
 }
 
-func getProviders(config *schema.Configuration) (providers middlewares.Providers, warnings []error, errors []error) {
-	// TODO: Adjust this so the CertPool can be used like a provider.
-	autheliaCertPool, warnings, errors := utils.NewX509CertPool(config.CertificatesDirectory)
-	if len(warnings) != 0 || len(errors) != 0 {
-		return providers, warnings, errors
-	}
-
-	var storageProvider storage.Provider
-
-	switch {
-	case config.Storage.PostgreSQL != nil:
-		storageProvider = storage.NewPostgreSQLProvider(*config.Storage.PostgreSQL)
-	case config.Storage.MySQL != nil:
-		storageProvider = storage.NewMySQLProvider(*config.Storage.MySQL)
-	case config.Storage.Local != nil:
-		storageProvider = storage.NewSQLiteProvider(config.Storage.Local.Path)
-	}
-
-	var (
-		userProvider authentication.UserProvider
-		err          error
-	)
-
-	switch {
-	case config.AuthenticationBackend.File != nil:
-		userProvider = authentication.NewFileUserProvider(config.AuthenticationBackend.File)
-	case config.AuthenticationBackend.LDAP != nil:
-		userProvider = authentication.NewLDAPUserProvider(config.AuthenticationBackend, autheliaCertPool)
-	}
-
-	var notifier notification.Notifier
-
-	switch {
-	case config.Notifier.SMTP != nil:
-		notifier = notification.NewSMTPNotifier(config.Notifier.SMTP, autheliaCertPool)
-	case config.Notifier.FileSystem != nil:
-		notifier = notification.NewFileNotifier(*config.Notifier.FileSystem)
-	}
-
-	var ntpProvider *ntp.Provider
-	if config.NTP != nil {
-		ntpProvider = ntp.NewProvider(config.NTP)
-	}
-
-	clock := utils.RealClock{}
-	authorizer := authorization.NewAuthorizer(config)
-	sessionProvider := session.NewProvider(config.Session, autheliaCertPool)
-	regulator := regulation.NewRegulator(config.Regulation, storageProvider, clock)
-
-	oidcProvider, err := oidc.NewOpenIDConnectProvider(config.IdentityProviders.OIDC)
-	if err != nil {
-		errors = append(errors, err)
-	}
-
-	return middlewares.Providers{
-		Authorizer:      authorizer,
-		UserProvider:    userProvider,
-		Regulator:       regulator,
-		OpenIDConnect:   oidcProvider,
-		StorageProvider: storageProvider,
-		NTP:             ntpProvider,
-		Notifier:        notifier,
-		SessionProvider: sessionProvider,
-	}, warnings, errors
-}
-
 func doStartupChecks(config *schema.Configuration, providers *middlewares.Providers) {
 	logger := logging.Logger()
 

internal/commands/storage.go

@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ func NewStorageCmd() (cmd *cobra.Command) {
 
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringSliceP("config", "c", []string{"config.yml"}, "configuration file to load for the storage migration")
 
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().String("encryption-key", "", "the storage encryption key to use")
+
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().String("sqlite.path", "", "the SQLite database path")
 
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().String("mysql.host", "", "the MySQL hostname")
@@ -32,11 +34,74 @@ func NewStorageCmd() (cmd *cobra.Command) {
 	cmd.AddCommand(
 		newStorageMigrateCmd(),
 		newStorageSchemaInfoCmd(),
+		newStorageEncryptionCmd(),
+		newStorageExportCmd(),
 	)
 
 	return cmd
 }
 
+func newStorageEncryptionCmd() (cmd *cobra.Command) {
+	cmd = &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "encryption",
+		Short: "Manages encryption",
+	}
+
+	cmd.AddCommand(
+		newStorageEncryptionChangeKeyCmd(),
+		newStorageEncryptionCheckCmd(),
+	)
+
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func newStorageEncryptionCheckCmd() (cmd *cobra.Command) {
+	cmd = &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "check",
+		Short: "Checks the encryption key against the database data",
+		RunE:  storageSchemaEncryptionCheckRunE,
+	}
+
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("verbose", false, "enables verbose checking of every row of encrypted data")
+
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func newStorageEncryptionChangeKeyCmd() (cmd *cobra.Command) {
+	cmd = &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "change-key",
+		Short: "Changes the encryption key",
+		RunE:  storageSchemaEncryptionChangeKeyRunE,
+	}
+
+	cmd.Flags().String("new-encryption-key", "", "the new key to encrypt the data with")
+
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func newStorageExportCmd() (cmd *cobra.Command) {
+	cmd = &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "export",
+		Short: "Performs exports",
+	}
+
+	cmd.AddCommand(newStorageExportTOTPConfigurationsCmd())
+
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func newStorageExportTOTPConfigurationsCmd() (cmd *cobra.Command) {
+	cmd = &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "totp-configurations",
+		Short: "Performs exports of the totp configurations",
+		RunE:  storageExportTOTPConfigurationsRunE,
+	}
+
+	cmd.Flags().String("format", storageExportFormatCSV, "changes the format of the export, options are csv and uri")
+
+	return cmd
+}
+
 func newStorageSchemaInfoCmd() (cmd *cobra.Command) {
 	cmd = &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "schema-info",

internal/commands/storage_run.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/configuration"
 	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/configuration/schema"
 	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/configuration/validator"
+	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/models"
 	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/storage"
 )
 
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ func storagePersistentPreRunE(cmd *cobra.Command, _ []string) (err error) {
 	}
 
 	mapping := map[string]string{
+		"encryption-key":    "storage.encryption_key",
 		"sqlite.path":       "storage.local.path",
 		"mysql.host":        "storage.mysql.host",
 		"mysql.port":        "storage.mysql.port",
@@ -100,17 +102,179 @@ func storagePersistentPreRunE(cmd *cobra.Command, _ []string) (err error) {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func storageSchemaEncryptionCheckRunE(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) (err error) {
+	var (
+		provider storage.Provider
+		ctx      = context.Background()
+	)
+
+	provider = getStorageProvider()
+	if provider == nil {
+		return errNoStorageProvider
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		_ = provider.Close()
+	}()
+
+	verbose, err := cmd.Flags().GetBool("verbose")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err = provider.SchemaEncryptionCheckKey(ctx, verbose); err != nil {
+		switch {
+		case errors.Is(err, storage.ErrSchemaEncryptionVersionUnsupported):
+			fmt.Printf("Could not check encryption key for validity. The schema version doesn't support encryption.\n")
+		case errors.Is(err, storage.ErrSchemaEncryptionInvalidKey):
+			fmt.Printf("Encryption key validation: failed.\n\nError: %v.\n", err)
+		default:
+			fmt.Printf("Could not check encryption key for validity.\n\nError: %v.\n", err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		fmt.Println("Encryption key validation: success.")
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func storageSchemaEncryptionChangeKeyRunE(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) (err error) {
+	var (
+		provider storage.Provider
+		ctx      = context.Background()
+	)
+
+	provider = getStorageProvider()
+	if provider == nil {
+		return errNoStorageProvider
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		_ = provider.Close()
+	}()
+
+	if err = checkStorageSchemaUpToDate(ctx, provider); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	version, err := provider.SchemaVersion(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if version <= 0 {
+		return errors.New("schema version must be at least version 1 to change the encryption key")
+	}
+
+	key, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("new-encryption-key")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if key == "" {
+		return errors.New("you must set the --new-encryption-key flag")
+	}
+
+	if len(key) < 20 {
+		return errors.New("the encryption key must be at least 20 characters")
+	}
+
+	if err = provider.SchemaEncryptionChangeKey(ctx, key); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("Completed the encryption key change. Please adjust your configuration to use the new key.")
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func storageExportTOTPConfigurationsRunE(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) (err error) {
+	var (
+		provider storage.Provider
+		ctx      = context.Background()
+	)
+
+	provider = getStorageProvider()
+	if provider == nil {
+		return errNoStorageProvider
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		_ = provider.Close()
+	}()
+
+	if err = checkStorageSchemaUpToDate(ctx, provider); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	format, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("format")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	switch format {
+	case storageExportFormatCSV, storageExportFormatURI:
+		break
+	default:
+		return errors.New("format must be csv or uri")
+	}
+
+	limit := 10
+
+	var configurations []models.TOTPConfiguration
+
+	for page := 0; true; page++ {
+		configurations, err = provider.LoadTOTPConfigurations(ctx, limit, page)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		if page == 0 && format == storageExportFormatCSV {
+			fmt.Printf("issuer,username,algorithm,digits,period,secret\n")
+		}
+
+		for _, c := range configurations {
+			switch format {
+			case storageExportFormatCSV:
+				fmt.Printf("%s,%s,%s,%d,%d,%s\n", "Authelia", c.Username, c.Algorithm, c.Digits, c.Period, string(c.Secret))
+			case storageExportFormatURI:
+				fmt.Printf("otpauth://totp/%s:%s?secret=%s&issuer=%s&algorithm=%s&digits=%d&period=%d\n", "Authelia", c.Username, string(c.Secret), "Authelia", c.Algorithm, c.Digits, c.Period)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if len(configurations) < limit {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 func storageMigrateHistoryRunE(_ *cobra.Command, _ []string) (err error) {
 	var (
 		provider storage.Provider
 		ctx      = context.Background()
 	)
 
-	provider, err = getStorageProvider()
+	provider = getStorageProvider()
+	if provider == nil {
+		return errNoStorageProvider
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		_ = provider.Close()
+	}()
+
+	version, err := provider.SchemaVersion(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	if version <= 0 {
+		fmt.Println("No migration history is available for schemas that not version 1 or above.")
+		return
+	}
+
 	migrations, err := provider.SchemaMigrationHistory(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -138,11 +302,15 @@ func newStorageMigrateListRunE(up bool) func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string)
 			directionStr string
 		)
 
-		provider, err = getStorageProvider()
+		provider = getStorageProvider()
-		if err != nil {
+		if provider == nil {
-			return err
+			return errNoStorageProvider
 		}
 
+		defer func() {
+			_ = provider.Close()
+		}()
+
 		if up {
 			migrations, err = provider.SchemaMigrationsUp(ctx, 0)
 			directionStr = "Up"
@@ -151,13 +319,7 @@ func newStorageMigrateListRunE(up bool) func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string)
 			directionStr = "Down"
 		}
 
-		if err != nil {
+		if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, storage.ErrNoAvailableMigrations) && !errors.Is(err, storage.ErrMigrateCurrentVersionSameAsTarget) {
-			if err.Error() == "cannot migrate to the same version as prior" {
-				fmt.Printf("No %s migrations found\n", directionStr)
-
-				return nil
-			}
-
 			return err
 		}
 
@@ -182,11 +344,15 @@ func newStorageMigrationRunE(up bool) func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) (e
 			ctx      = context.Background()
 		)
 
-		provider, err = getStorageProvider()
+		provider = getStorageProvider()
-		if err != nil {
+		if provider == nil {
-			return err
+			return errNoStorageProvider
 		}
 
+		defer func() {
+			_ = provider.Close()
+		}()
+
 		target, err := cmd.Flags().GetInt("target")
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -253,11 +419,15 @@ func storageSchemaInfoRunE(_ *cobra.Command, _ []string) (err error) {
 		tablesStr  string
 	)
 
-	provider, err = getStorageProvider()
+	provider = getStorageProvider()
-	if err != nil {
+	if provider == nil {
-		return err
+		return errNoStorageProvider
 	}
 
+	defer func() {
+		_ = provider.Close()
+	}()
+
 	version, err := provider.SchemaVersion(ctx)
 	if err != nil && err.Error() != "unknown schema state" {
 		return err
@@ -285,7 +455,37 @@ func storageSchemaInfoRunE(_ *cobra.Command, _ []string) (err error) {
 		upgradeStr = "no"
 	}
 
-	fmt.Printf("Schema Version: %s\nSchema Upgrade Available: %s\nSchema Tables: %s\n", storage.SchemaVersionToString(version), upgradeStr, tablesStr)
+	var encryption string
+
+	if err = provider.SchemaEncryptionCheckKey(ctx, false); err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, storage.ErrSchemaEncryptionVersionUnsupported) {
+			encryption = "unsupported (schema version)"
+		} else {
+			encryption = "invalid"
+		}
+	} else {
+		encryption = "valid"
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("Schema Version: %s\nSchema Upgrade Available: %s\nSchema Tables: %s\nSchema Encryption Key: %s\n", storage.SchemaVersionToString(version), upgradeStr, tablesStr, encryption)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func checkStorageSchemaUpToDate(ctx context.Context, provider storage.Provider) (err error) {
+	version, err := provider.SchemaVersion(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	latest, err := provider.SchemaLatestVersion()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if version != latest {
+		return fmt.Errorf("schema is version %d which is outdated please migrate to version %d in order to use this command or use an older binary", version, latest)
+	}
 
 	return nil
 }

internal/configuration/config.template.yml

@@ -507,6 +507,10 @@ regulation:
 ##
 ## The available providers are: `local`, `mysql`, `postgres`. You must use one and only one of these providers.
 storage:
+  ## The encryption key that is used to encrypt sensitive information in the database. Must be a string with a minimum
+  ## length of 20. Please see the docs if you configure this with an undesirable key and need to change it.
+  # encryption_key: you_must_generate_a_random_string_of_more_than_twenty_chars_and_configure_this
+
   ##
   ## Local (Storage Provider)
   ##

internal/configuration/provider_test.go

@@ -138,6 +138,7 @@ func TestShouldValidateAndRaiseErrorsOnNormalConfigurationAndSecret(t *testing.T
 	assert.NoError(t, os.Setenv(DefaultEnvPrefix+"STORAGE_MYSQL_PASSWORD", "an env storage mysql password"))
 	assert.NoError(t, os.Setenv(DefaultEnvPrefix+"JWT_SECRET_FILE", "./test_resources/example_secret"))
 	assert.NoError(t, os.Setenv(DefaultEnvPrefix+"AUTHENTICATION_BACKEND_LDAP_PASSWORD", "an env authentication backend ldap password"))
+	assert.NoError(t, os.Setenv(DefaultEnvPrefix+"STORAGE_ENCRYPTION_KEY", "a_very_bad_encryption_key"))
 
 	val := schema.NewStructValidator()
 	_, config, err := Load(val, NewDefaultSources([]string{"./test_resources/config.yml"}, DefaultEnvPrefix, DefaultEnvDelimiter)...)
@@ -152,6 +153,7 @@ func TestShouldValidateAndRaiseErrorsOnNormalConfigurationAndSecret(t *testing.T
 	assert.Equal(t, "example_secret value", config.Session.Secret)
 	assert.Equal(t, "an env storage mysql password", config.Storage.MySQL.Password)
 	assert.Equal(t, "an env authentication backend ldap password", config.AuthenticationBackend.LDAP.Password)
+	assert.Equal(t, "a_very_bad_encryption_key", config.Storage.EncryptionKey)
 }
 
 func TestShouldRaiseIOErrOnUnreadableFile(t *testing.T) {
@@ -184,6 +186,7 @@ func TestShouldValidateConfigurationWithEnvSecrets(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NoError(t, os.Setenv(DefaultEnvPrefix+"STORAGE_MYSQL_PASSWORD_FILE", "./test_resources/example_secret"))
 	assert.NoError(t, os.Setenv(DefaultEnvPrefix+"JWT_SECRET_FILE", "./test_resources/example_secret"))
 	assert.NoError(t, os.Setenv(DefaultEnvPrefix+"AUTHENTICATION_BACKEND_LDAP_PASSWORD_FILE", "./test_resources/example_secret"))
+	assert.NoError(t, os.Setenv(DefaultEnvPrefix+"STORAGE_ENCRYPTION_KEY_FILE", "./test_resources/example_secret"))
 
 	val := schema.NewStructValidator()
 	_, config, err := Load(val, NewDefaultSources([]string{"./test_resources/config.yml"}, DefaultEnvPrefix, DefaultEnvDelimiter)...)
@@ -196,6 +199,7 @@ func TestShouldValidateConfigurationWithEnvSecrets(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "example_secret value", config.Session.Secret)
 	assert.Equal(t, "example_secret value", config.AuthenticationBackend.LDAP.Password)
 	assert.Equal(t, "example_secret value", config.Storage.MySQL.Password)
+	assert.Equal(t, "example_secret value", config.Storage.EncryptionKey)
 }
 
 func TestShouldValidateAndRaiseErrorsOnBadConfiguration(t *testing.T) {
@@ -275,6 +279,7 @@ func testReset() {
 	testUnsetEnvName("PORT")
 	testUnsetEnvName("IDENTITY_PROVIDERS_OIDC_ISSUER_PRIVATE_KEY")
 	testUnsetEnvName("IDENTITY_PROVIDERS_OIDC_HMAC_SECRET")
+	testUnsetEnvName("STORAGE_ENCRYPTION_KEY")
 }
 
 func testUnsetEnvName(name string) {

internal/configuration/schema/storage.go

@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ type StorageConfiguration struct {
 	Local      *LocalStorageConfiguration      `koanf:"local"`
 	MySQL      *MySQLStorageConfiguration      `koanf:"mysql"`
 	PostgreSQL *PostgreSQLStorageConfiguration `koanf:"postgres"`
+
+	EncryptionKey string `koanf:"encryption_key"`
 }
 
 // DefaultPostgreSQLStorageConfiguration represents the default PostgreSQL configuration.

internal/configuration/validator/configuration_test.go

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ func newDefaultConfig() schema.Configuration {
 		Name:   "authelia_session",
 		Secret: "secret",
 	}
+	config.Storage.EncryptionKey = testEncryptionKey
 	config.Storage.Local = &schema.LocalStorageConfiguration{
 		Path: "abc",
 	}

internal/configuration/validator/const.go

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ const (
 	testModeDisabled  = "disable"
 	testTLSCert       = "/tmp/cert.pem"
 	testTLSKey        = "/tmp/key.pem"
+	testEncryptionKey = "a_not_so_secure_encryption_key"
 )
 
 // Notifier Error constants.
@@ -206,6 +207,8 @@ var ValidKeys = []string{
 	"session.redis.timeouts.read",
 	"session.redis.timeouts.write",
 
+	"storage.encryption_key",
+
 	// Local Storage Keys.
 	"storage.local.path",
 

internal/configuration/validator/storage.go

@@ -20,6 +20,12 @@ func ValidateStorage(configuration schema.StorageConfiguration, validator *schem
 	case configuration.Local != nil:
 		validateLocalStorageConfiguration(configuration.Local, validator)
 	}
+
+	if configuration.EncryptionKey == "" {
+		validator.Push(errors.New("the configuration option storage.encryption_key must be provided"))
+	} else if len(configuration.EncryptionKey) < 20 {
+		validator.Push(errors.New("the configuration option storage.encryption_key must be 20 characters or longer"))
+	}
 }
 
 func validateMySQLConfiguration(configuration *schema.SQLStorageConfiguration, validator *schema.StructValidator) {

internal/configuration/validator/storage_test.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ type StorageSuite struct {
 
 func (suite *StorageSuite) SetupTest() {
 	suite.validator = schema.NewStructValidator()
+	suite.configuration.EncryptionKey = testEncryptionKey
 	suite.configuration.Local = &schema.LocalStorageConfiguration{
 		Path: "/this/is/a/path",
 	}
@@ -106,6 +107,26 @@ func (suite *StorageSuite) TestShouldValidatePostgresSSLModeMustBeValid() {
 	suite.Assert().EqualError(suite.validator.Errors()[0], "SSL mode must be 'disable', 'require', 'verify-ca', or 'verify-full'")
 }
 
+func (suite *StorageSuite) TestShouldRaiseErrorOnNoEncryptionKey() {
+	suite.configuration.EncryptionKey = ""
+
+	ValidateStorage(suite.configuration, suite.validator)
+
+	suite.Assert().False(suite.validator.HasWarnings())
+	suite.Require().Len(suite.validator.Errors(), 1)
+	suite.Assert().EqualError(suite.validator.Errors()[0], "the configuration option storage.encryption_key must be provided")
+}
+
+func (suite *StorageSuite) TestShouldRaiseErrorOnShortEncryptionKey() {
+	suite.configuration.EncryptionKey = "abc"
+
+	ValidateStorage(suite.configuration, suite.validator)
+
+	suite.Assert().False(suite.validator.HasWarnings())
+	suite.Require().Len(suite.validator.Errors(), 1)
+	suite.Assert().EqualError(suite.validator.Errors()[0], "the configuration option storage.encryption_key must be 20 characters or longer")
+}
+
 func TestShouldRunStorageSuite(t *testing.T) {
 	suite.Run(t, new(StorageSuite))
 }

internal/handlers/handler_register_totp.go

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ func secondFactorTOTPIdentityFinish(ctx *middlewares.AutheliaCtx, username strin
 		Username:  username,
 		Algorithm: otpAlgoToString(algorithm),
 		Digits:    6,
-		Secret:    key.Secret(),
+		Secret:    []byte(key.Secret()),
 		Period:    key.Period(),
 	}
 

internal/handlers/handler_sign_totp_test.go

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ func (s *HandlerSignTOTPSuite) TearDownTest() {
 func (s *HandlerSignTOTPSuite) TestShouldRedirectUserToDefaultURL() {
 	verifier := NewMockTOTPVerifier(s.mock.Ctrl)
 
-	config := models.TOTPConfiguration{ID: 1, Username: "john", Digits: 6, Secret: "secret", Period: 30, Algorithm: "SHA1"}
+	config := models.TOTPConfiguration{ID: 1, Username: "john", Digits: 6, Secret: []byte("secret"), Period: 30, Algorithm: "SHA1"}
 
 	s.mock.StorageProviderMock.EXPECT().
 		LoadTOTPConfiguration(s.mock.Ctx, gomock.Any()).
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ func (s *HandlerSignTOTPSuite) TestShouldRedirectUserToDefaultURL() {
 func (s *HandlerSignTOTPSuite) TestShouldNotReturnRedirectURL() {
 	verifier := NewMockTOTPVerifier(s.mock.Ctrl)
 
-	config := models.TOTPConfiguration{ID: 1, Username: "john", Digits: 6, Secret: "secret", Period: 30, Algorithm: "SHA1"}
+	config := models.TOTPConfiguration{ID: 1, Username: "john", Digits: 6, Secret: []byte("secret"), Period: 30, Algorithm: "SHA1"}
 
 	s.mock.StorageProviderMock.EXPECT().
 		LoadTOTPConfiguration(s.mock.Ctx, gomock.Any()).
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func (s *HandlerSignTOTPSuite) TestShouldNotReturnRedirectURL() {
 func (s *HandlerSignTOTPSuite) TestShouldRedirectUserToSafeTargetURL() {
 	verifier := NewMockTOTPVerifier(s.mock.Ctrl)
 
-	config := models.TOTPConfiguration{ID: 1, Username: "john", Digits: 6, Secret: "secret", Period: 30, Algorithm: "SHA1"}
+	config := models.TOTPConfiguration{ID: 1, Username: "john", Digits: 6, Secret: []byte("secret"), Period: 30, Algorithm: "SHA1"}
 
 	s.mock.StorageProviderMock.EXPECT().
 		LoadTOTPConfiguration(s.mock.Ctx, gomock.Any()).
@@ -116,10 +116,10 @@ func (s *HandlerSignTOTPSuite) TestShouldNotRedirectToUnsafeURL() {
 
 	s.mock.StorageProviderMock.EXPECT().
 		LoadTOTPConfiguration(s.mock.Ctx, gomock.Any()).
-		Return(&models.TOTPConfiguration{Secret: "secret"}, nil)
+		Return(&models.TOTPConfiguration{Secret: []byte("secret")}, nil)
 
 	verifier.EXPECT().
-		Verify(gomock.Eq(&models.TOTPConfiguration{Secret: "secret"}), gomock.Eq("abc")).
+		Verify(gomock.Eq(&models.TOTPConfiguration{Secret: []byte("secret")}), gomock.Eq("abc")).
 		Return(true, nil)
 
 	bodyBytes, err := json.Marshal(signTOTPRequestBody{
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ func (s *HandlerSignTOTPSuite) TestShouldNotRedirectToUnsafeURL() {
 func (s *HandlerSignTOTPSuite) TestShouldRegenerateSessionForPreventingSessionFixation() {
 	verifier := NewMockTOTPVerifier(s.mock.Ctrl)
 
-	config := models.TOTPConfiguration{ID: 1, Username: "john", Digits: 6, Secret: "secret", Period: 30, Algorithm: "SHA1"}
+	config := models.TOTPConfiguration{ID: 1, Username: "john", Digits: 6, Secret: []byte("secret"), Period: 30, Algorithm: "SHA1"}
 
 	s.mock.StorageProviderMock.EXPECT().
 		LoadTOTPConfiguration(s.mock.Ctx, gomock.Any()).

internal/handlers/totp.go

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ func (tv *TOTPVerifierImpl) Verify(config *models.TOTPConfiguration, token strin
 		Algorithm: otpStringToAlgo(config.Algorithm),
 	}
 
-	return totp.ValidateCustom(token, config.Secret, time.Now().UTC(), opts)
+	return totp.ValidateCustom(token, string(config.Secret), time.Now().UTC(), opts)
 }
 
 func otpAlgoToString(algorithm otp.Algorithm) (out string) {

internal/models/model_totp_configuration.go

@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@ type TOTPConfiguration struct {
 	Algorithm string `db:"algorithm"`
 	Digits    int    `db:"digits"`
 	Period    uint64 `db:"totp_period"`
-	Secret    string `db:"secret"`
+	Secret    []byte `db:"secret"`
 }

internal/storage/const.go

@@ -12,10 +12,15 @@ const (
 	tableDUODevices           = "duo_devices"
 	tableAuthenticationLogs   = "authentication_logs"
 	tableMigrations           = "migrations"
+	tableEncryption           = "encryption"
 
 	tablePrefixBackup = "_bkp_"
 )
 
+const (
+	encryptionNameCheck = "check"
+)
+
 // WARNING: Do not change/remove these consts. They are used for Pre1 migrations.
 const (
 	tablePre1TOTPSecrets                 = "totp_secrets"

internal/storage/errors.go

@@ -8,17 +8,31 @@ var (
 	// ErrNoU2FDeviceHandle error thrown when no U2F device handle has been found in DB.
 	ErrNoU2FDeviceHandle = errors.New("no U2F device handle found")
 
+	// ErrNoAuthenticationLogs error thrown when no matching authentication logs hve been found in DB.
+	ErrNoAuthenticationLogs = errors.New("no matching authentication logs found")
+
 	// ErrNoTOTPSecret error thrown when no TOTP secret has been found in DB.
 	ErrNoTOTPSecret = errors.New("no TOTP secret registered")
 
 	// ErrNoAvailableMigrations is returned when no available migrations can be found.
 	ErrNoAvailableMigrations = errors.New("no available migrations")
 
+	// ErrMigrateCurrentVersionSameAsTarget is returned when the target version is the same as the current.
+	ErrMigrateCurrentVersionSameAsTarget = errors.New("current version is same as migration target, no action being taken")
+
 	// ErrSchemaAlreadyUpToDate is returned when the schema is already up to date.
 	ErrSchemaAlreadyUpToDate = errors.New("schema already up to date")
 
 	// ErrNoMigrationsFound is returned when no migrations were found.
 	ErrNoMigrationsFound = errors.New("no schema migrations found")
+
+	// ErrSchemaEncryptionVersionUnsupported is returned when the schema is checked if the encryption key is valid for
+	// the database but the schema doesn't support encryption.
+	ErrSchemaEncryptionVersionUnsupported = errors.New("schema version doesn't support encryption")
+
+	// ErrSchemaEncryptionInvalidKey is returned when the schema is checked if the encryption key is valid for
+	// the database but the key doesn't appear to be valid.
+	ErrSchemaEncryptionInvalidKey = errors.New("the encryption key is not valid against the schema check value")
 )
 
 // Error formats for the storage provider.

internal/storage/migrations.go

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ func loadMigration(providerName string, version int, up bool) (migration *Schema
 // this indicates the database zero state.
 func loadMigrations(providerName string, prior, target int) (migrations []SchemaMigration, err error) {
 	if prior == target && (prior != -1 || target != -1) {
-		return nil, errors.New("cannot migrate to the same version as prior")
+		return nil, ErrMigrateCurrentVersionSameAsTarget
 	}
 
 	entries, err := migrationsFS.ReadDir("migrations")

internal/storage/migrations/V0001.Initial_Schema.all.down.sql

@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ DROP TABLE IF EXISTS totp_configurations;
 DROP TABLE IF EXISTS u2f_devices;
 DROP TABLE IF EXISTS user_preferences;
 DROP TABLE IF EXISTS migrations;
+DROP TABLE IF EXISTS encryption;

internal/storage/migrations/V0001.Initial_Schema.mysql.up.sql

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS totp_configurations (
     algorithm VARCHAR(6) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'SHA1',
     digits INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 6,
     totp_period INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 30,
-    secret VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL,
+    secret BLOB NOT NULL,
     PRIMARY KEY (id),
     UNIQUE KEY (username)
 );
@@ -53,3 +53,11 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS migrations (
     application_version VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL,
     PRIMARY KEY (id)
 );
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS encryption (
+  id INTEGER AUTO_INCREMENT,
+  name VARCHAR(100),
+  value BLOB NOT NULL,
+  PRIMARY KEY (id),
+  UNIQUE KEY (name)
+);

internal/storage/migrations/V0001.Initial_Schema.postgres.up.sql

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS totp_configurations (
     algorithm VARCHAR(6) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'SHA1',
     digits INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 6,
     totp_period INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 30,
-    secret VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL,
+    secret BYTEA NOT NULL,
     PRIMARY KEY (id),
     UNIQUE (username)
 );
@@ -53,3 +53,11 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS migrations (
     application_version VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL,
     PRIMARY KEY (id)
 );
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS encryption (
+  id SERIAL,
+  name VARCHAR(100),
+  value BYTEA NOT NULL,
+  PRIMARY KEY (id),
+  UNIQUE (name)
+);

internal/storage/migrations/V0001.Initial_Schema.sqlite.up.sql

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS totp_configurations (
     algorithm VARCHAR(6) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'SHA1',
     digits INTEGER(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 6,
     totp_period INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 30,
-    secret VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL,
+    secret BLOB NOT NULL,
     PRIMARY KEY (id),
     UNIQUE (username)
 );
@@ -52,3 +52,11 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS migrations (
     application_version VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL,
     PRIMARY KEY (id)
 );
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS encryption (
+  id INTEGER,
+  name VARCHAR(100),
+  value BLOB NOT NULL,
+  PRIMARY KEY (id),
+  UNIQUE (name)
+);

internal/storage/provider.go

@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ type Provider interface {
 	SaveTOTPConfiguration(ctx context.Context, config models.TOTPConfiguration) (err error)
 	DeleteTOTPConfiguration(ctx context.Context, username string) (err error)
 	LoadTOTPConfiguration(ctx context.Context, username string) (config *models.TOTPConfiguration, err error)
+	LoadTOTPConfigurations(ctx context.Context, limit, page int) (configs []models.TOTPConfiguration, err error)
+	UpdateTOTPConfigurationSecret(ctx context.Context, config models.TOTPConfiguration) (err error)
 
 	SaveU2FDevice(ctx context.Context, device models.U2FDevice) (err error)
 	LoadU2FDevice(ctx context.Context, username string) (device *models.U2FDevice, err error)
@@ -33,9 +35,14 @@ type Provider interface {
 	SchemaMigrate(ctx context.Context, up bool, version int) (err error)
 	SchemaMigrationHistory(ctx context.Context) (migrations []models.Migration, err error)
 
+	SchemaEncryptionChangeKey(ctx context.Context, encryptionKey string) (err error)
+	SchemaEncryptionCheckKey(ctx context.Context, verbose bool) (err error)
+
 	SchemaLatestVersion() (version int, err error)
 	SchemaMigrationsUp(ctx context.Context, version int) (migrations []SchemaMigration, err error)
 	SchemaMigrationsDown(ctx context.Context, version int) (migrations []SchemaMigration, err error)
+
+	Close() (err error)
 }
 
 // RegulatorProvider is an interface providing storage capabilities for persisting any kind of data related to the regulator.

internal/storage/provider_mock.go

@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@
 package storage
 
 import (
-	context "context"
+	"context"
-	reflect "reflect"
+	"reflect"
-	time "time"
+	"time"
 
-	gomock "github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
+	"github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
 
-	models "github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/models"
+	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/models"
 )
 
 // MockProvider is a mock of Provider interface.
@@ -50,6 +50,20 @@ func (mr *MockProviderMockRecorder) AppendAuthenticationLog(arg0, arg1 interface
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "AppendAuthenticationLog", reflect.TypeOf((*MockProvider)(nil).AppendAuthenticationLog), arg0, arg1)
 }
 
+// Close mocks base method.
+func (m *MockProvider) Close() error {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Close")
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(error)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// Close indicates an expected call of Close.
+func (mr *MockProviderMockRecorder) Close() *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Close", reflect.TypeOf((*MockProvider)(nil).Close))
+}
+
 // DeleteTOTPConfiguration mocks base method.
 func (m *MockProvider) DeleteTOTPConfiguration(arg0 context.Context, arg1 string) error {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
@@ -124,6 +138,21 @@ func (mr *MockProviderMockRecorder) LoadTOTPConfiguration(arg0, arg1 interface{}
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "LoadTOTPConfiguration", reflect.TypeOf((*MockProvider)(nil).LoadTOTPConfiguration), arg0, arg1)
 }
 
+// LoadTOTPConfigurations mocks base method.
+func (m *MockProvider) LoadTOTPConfigurations(arg0 context.Context, arg1, arg2 int) ([]models.TOTPConfiguration, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "LoadTOTPConfigurations", arg0, arg1, arg2)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].([]models.TOTPConfiguration)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// LoadTOTPConfigurations indicates an expected call of LoadTOTPConfigurations.
+func (mr *MockProviderMockRecorder) LoadTOTPConfigurations(arg0, arg1, arg2 interface{}) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "LoadTOTPConfigurations", reflect.TypeOf((*MockProvider)(nil).LoadTOTPConfigurations), arg0, arg1, arg2)
+}
+
 // LoadU2FDevice mocks base method.
 func (m *MockProvider) LoadU2FDevice(arg0 context.Context, arg1 string) (*models.U2FDevice, error) {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
@@ -224,6 +253,34 @@ func (mr *MockProviderMockRecorder) SaveU2FDevice(arg0, arg1 interface{}) *gomoc
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "SaveU2FDevice", reflect.TypeOf((*MockProvider)(nil).SaveU2FDevice), arg0, arg1)
 }
 
+// SchemaEncryptionChangeKey mocks base method.
+func (m *MockProvider) SchemaEncryptionChangeKey(arg0 context.Context, arg1 string) error {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "SchemaEncryptionChangeKey", arg0, arg1)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(error)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// SchemaEncryptionChangeKey indicates an expected call of SchemaEncryptionChangeKey.
+func (mr *MockProviderMockRecorder) SchemaEncryptionChangeKey(arg0, arg1 interface{}) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "SchemaEncryptionChangeKey", reflect.TypeOf((*MockProvider)(nil).SchemaEncryptionChangeKey), arg0, arg1)
+}
+
+// SchemaEncryptionCheckKey mocks base method.
+func (m *MockProvider) SchemaEncryptionCheckKey(arg0 context.Context, arg1 bool) error {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "SchemaEncryptionCheckKey", arg0, arg1)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(error)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// SchemaEncryptionCheckKey indicates an expected call of SchemaEncryptionCheckKey.
+func (mr *MockProviderMockRecorder) SchemaEncryptionCheckKey(arg0, arg1 interface{}) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "SchemaEncryptionCheckKey", reflect.TypeOf((*MockProvider)(nil).SchemaEncryptionCheckKey), arg0, arg1)
+}
+
 // SchemaLatestVersion mocks base method.
 func (m *MockProvider) SchemaLatestVersion() (int, error) {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
@@ -341,3 +398,17 @@ func (mr *MockProviderMockRecorder) StartupCheck() *gomock.Call {
 	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "StartupCheck", reflect.TypeOf((*MockProvider)(nil).StartupCheck))
 }
+
+// UpdateTOTPConfigurationSecret mocks base method.
+func (m *MockProvider) UpdateTOTPConfigurationSecret(arg0 context.Context, arg1 models.TOTPConfiguration) error {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "UpdateTOTPConfigurationSecret", arg0, arg1)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(error)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// UpdateTOTPConfigurationSecret indicates an expected call of UpdateTOTPConfigurationSecret.
+func (mr *MockProviderMockRecorder) UpdateTOTPConfigurationSecret(arg0, arg1 interface{}) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "UpdateTOTPConfigurationSecret", reflect.TypeOf((*MockProvider)(nil).UpdateTOTPConfigurationSecret), arg0, arg1)
+}

internal/storage/sql_provider.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package storage
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"crypto/sha256"
 	"database/sql"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
@@ -16,15 +17,16 @@ import (
 )
 
 // NewSQLProvider generates a generic SQLProvider to be used with other SQL provider NewUp's.
-func NewSQLProvider(name, driverName, dataSourceName string) (provider SQLProvider) {
+func NewSQLProvider(name, driverName, dataSourceName, encryptionKey string) (provider SQLProvider) {
 	db, err := sqlx.Open(driverName, dataSourceName)
 
 	provider = SQLProvider{
+		db:         db,
+		key:        sha256.Sum256([]byte(encryptionKey)),
 		name:       name,
 		driverName: driverName,
-		db:         db,
-		log:        logging.Logger(),
 		errOpen:    err,
+		log:        logging.Logger(),
 
 		sqlInsertAuthenticationAttempt:            fmt.Sprintf(queryFmtInsertAuthenticationLogEntry, tableAuthenticationLogs),
 		sqlSelectAuthenticationAttemptsByUsername: fmt.Sprintf(queryFmtSelect1FAAuthenticationLogEntryByUsername, tableAuthenticationLogs),
@@ -36,6 +38,10 @@ func NewSQLProvider(name, driverName, dataSourceName string) (provider SQLProvid
 		sqlUpsertTOTPConfig:  fmt.Sprintf(queryFmtUpsertTOTPConfiguration, tableTOTPConfigurations),
 		sqlDeleteTOTPConfig:  fmt.Sprintf(queryFmtDeleteTOTPConfiguration, tableTOTPConfigurations),
 		sqlSelectTOTPConfig:  fmt.Sprintf(queryFmtSelectTOTPConfiguration, tableTOTPConfigurations),
+		sqlSelectTOTPConfigs: fmt.Sprintf(queryFmtSelectTOTPConfigurations, tableTOTPConfigurations),
+
+		sqlUpdateTOTPConfigSecret:           fmt.Sprintf(queryFmtUpdateTOTPConfigurationSecret, tableTOTPConfigurations),
+		sqlUpdateTOTPConfigSecretByUsername: fmt.Sprintf(queryFmtUpdateTOTPConfigurationSecretByUsername, tableTOTPConfigurations),
 
 		sqlUpsertU2FDevice: fmt.Sprintf(queryFmtUpsertU2FDevice, tableU2FDevices),
 		sqlSelectU2FDevice: fmt.Sprintf(queryFmtSelectU2FDevice, tableU2FDevices),
@@ -48,20 +54,29 @@ func NewSQLProvider(name, driverName, dataSourceName string) (provider SQLProvid
 		sqlSelectMigrations:      fmt.Sprintf(queryFmtSelectMigrations, tableMigrations),
 		sqlSelectLatestMigration: fmt.Sprintf(queryFmtSelectLatestMigration, tableMigrations),
 
+		sqlUpsertEncryptionValue: fmt.Sprintf(queryFmtUpsertEncryptionValue, tableEncryption),
+		sqlSelectEncryptionValue: fmt.Sprintf(queryFmtSelectEncryptionValue, tableEncryption),
+
 		sqlFmtRenameTable: queryFmtRenameTable,
 	}
 
+	key := sha256.Sum256([]byte(encryptionKey))
+
+	provider.key = key
+
 	return provider
 }
 
 // SQLProvider is a storage provider persisting data in a SQL database.
 type SQLProvider struct {
 	db         *sqlx.DB
-	log        *logrus.Logger
+	key        [32]byte
 	name       string
 	driverName string
 	errOpen    error
 
+	log *logrus.Logger
+
 	// Table: authentication_logs.
 	sqlInsertAuthenticationAttempt            string
 	sqlSelectAuthenticationAttemptsByUsername string
@@ -75,6 +90,10 @@ type SQLProvider struct {
 	sqlUpsertTOTPConfig  string
 	sqlDeleteTOTPConfig  string
 	sqlSelectTOTPConfig  string
+	sqlSelectTOTPConfigs string
+
+	sqlUpdateTOTPConfigSecret           string
+	sqlUpdateTOTPConfigSecretByUsername string
 
 	// Table: u2f_devices.
 	sqlUpsertU2FDevice string
@@ -90,21 +109,29 @@ type SQLProvider struct {
 	sqlSelectMigrations      string
 	sqlSelectLatestMigration string
 
+	// Table: encryption.
+	sqlUpsertEncryptionValue string
+	sqlSelectEncryptionValue string
+
 	// Utility.
 	sqlSelectExistingTables string
 	sqlFmtRenameTable       string
 }
 
+// Close the underlying database connection.
+func (p *SQLProvider) Close() (err error) {
+	return p.db.Close()
+}
+
 // StartupCheck implements the provider startup check interface.
 func (p *SQLProvider) StartupCheck() (err error) {
 	if p.errOpen != nil {
-		return p.errOpen
+		return fmt.Errorf("error opening database: %w", p.errOpen)
 	}
 
 	// TODO: Decide if this is needed, or if it should be configurable.
 	for i := 0; i < 19; i++ {
-		err = p.db.Ping()
+		if err = p.db.Ping(); err == nil {
-		if err == nil {
 			break
 		}
 
@@ -112,13 +139,17 @@ func (p *SQLProvider) StartupCheck() (err error) {
 	}
 
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("error pinging database: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	p.log.Infof("Storage schema is being checked for updates")
 
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
+	if err = p.SchemaEncryptionCheckKey(ctx, false); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, ErrSchemaEncryptionVersionUnsupported) {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	err = p.SchemaMigrate(ctx, true, SchemaLatest)
 
 	switch err {
@@ -128,7 +159,7 @@ func (p *SQLProvider) StartupCheck() (err error) {
 	case nil:
 		return nil
 	default:
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("error during schema migrate: %w", err)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -143,13 +174,13 @@ func (p *SQLProvider) SavePreferred2FAMethod(ctx context.Context, username strin
 func (p *SQLProvider) LoadPreferred2FAMethod(ctx context.Context, username string) (method string, err error) {
 	err = p.db.GetContext(ctx, &method, p.sqlSelectPreferred2FAMethod, username)
 
-	switch err {
+	switch {
-	case sql.ErrNoRows:
+	case err == nil:
+		return method, nil
+	case errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows):
 		return "", nil
-	case nil:
-		return method, err
 	default:
-		return "", err
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("error selecting preferred two factor method for user '%s': %w", username, err)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -161,120 +192,98 @@ func (p *SQLProvider) LoadUserInfo(ctx context.Context, username string) (info m
 	case err == nil:
 		return info, nil
 	case errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows):
-		_, err = p.db.ExecContext(ctx, p.sqlUpsertPreferred2FAMethod, username, authentication.PossibleMethods[0])
+		if _, err = p.db.ExecContext(ctx, p.sqlUpsertPreferred2FAMethod, username, authentication.PossibleMethods[0]); err != nil {
-		if err != nil {
+			return models.UserInfo{}, fmt.Errorf("error upserting preferred two factor method while selecting user info for user '%s': %w", username, err)
-			return models.UserInfo{}, err
 		}
 
-		err = p.db.GetContext(ctx, &info, p.sqlSelectUserInfo, username, username, username)
+		if err = p.db.GetContext(ctx, &info, p.sqlSelectUserInfo, username, username, username); err != nil {
-		if err != nil {
+			return models.UserInfo{}, fmt.Errorf("error selecting user info for user '%s': %w", username, err)
-			return models.UserInfo{}, err
 		}
 
 		return info, nil
 	default:
-		return models.UserInfo{}, err
+		return models.UserInfo{}, fmt.Errorf("error selecting user info for user '%s': %w", username, err)
 	}
 }
 
 // SaveIdentityVerification save an identity verification record to the database.
 func (p *SQLProvider) SaveIdentityVerification(ctx context.Context, verification models.IdentityVerification) (err error) {
-	_, err = p.db.ExecContext(ctx, p.sqlInsertIdentityVerification, verification.Token)
+	if _, err = p.db.ExecContext(ctx, p.sqlInsertIdentityVerification, verification.Token); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error inserting identity verification: %w", err)
+	}
 
-	return err
+	return nil
 }
 
 // RemoveIdentityVerification remove an identity verification record from the database.
 func (p *SQLProvider) RemoveIdentityVerification(ctx context.Context, token string) (err error) {
-	_, err = p.db.ExecContext(ctx, p.sqlDeleteIdentityVerification, token)
+	if _, err = p.db.ExecContext(ctx, p.sqlDeleteIdentityVerification, token); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error updating identity verification: %w", err)
+	}
 
-	return err
+	return nil
 }
 
 // FindIdentityVerification checks if an identity verification record is in the database and active.
-func (p *SQLProvider) FindIdentityVerification(ctx context.Context, jti string) (found bool, err error) {
+func (p *SQLProvider) FindIdentityVerification(ctx context.Context, token string) (found bool, err error) {
-	err = p.db.GetContext(ctx, &found, p.sqlSelectExistsIdentityVerification, jti)
+	if err = p.db.GetContext(ctx, &found, p.sqlSelectExistsIdentityVerification, token); err != nil {
-	if err != nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("error selecting identity verification exists: %w", err)
-		return false, err
 	}
 
 	return found, nil
 }
 
-// SaveTOTPConfiguration save a TOTP config of a given user in the database.
+// SaveTOTPConfiguration save a TOTP configuration of a given user in the database.
 func (p *SQLProvider) SaveTOTPConfiguration(ctx context.Context, config models.TOTPConfiguration) (err error) {
-	// TODO: Encrypt config.Secret here.
+	if config.Secret, err = p.encrypt(config.Secret); err != nil {
-	_, err = p.db.ExecContext(ctx, p.sqlUpsertTOTPConfig,
+		return fmt.Errorf("error encrypting the TOTP configuration secret: %v", err)
-		config.Username,
+	}
-		config.Algorithm,
-		config.Digits,
-		config.Period,
-		config.Secret,
-	)
 
-	return err
+	if _, err = p.db.ExecContext(ctx, p.sqlUpsertTOTPConfig,
+		config.Username, config.Algorithm, config.Digits, config.Period, config.Secret); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error upserting TOTP configuration: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }
 
-// DeleteTOTPConfiguration delete a TOTP secret from the database given a username.
+// DeleteTOTPConfiguration delete a TOTP configuration from the database given a username.
 func (p *SQLProvider) DeleteTOTPConfiguration(ctx context.Context, username string) (err error) {
-	_, err = p.db.ExecContext(ctx, p.sqlDeleteTOTPConfig, username)
+	if _, err = p.db.ExecContext(ctx, p.sqlDeleteTOTPConfig, username); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error deleting TOTP configuration: %w", err)
+	}
 
-	return err
+	return nil
 }
 
-// LoadTOTPConfiguration load a TOTP secret given a username from the database.
+// LoadTOTPConfiguration load a TOTP configuration given a username from the database.
 func (p *SQLProvider) LoadTOTPConfiguration(ctx context.Context, username string) (config *models.TOTPConfiguration, err error) {
 	config = &models.TOTPConfiguration{}
 
-	err = p.db.QueryRowxContext(ctx, p.sqlSelectTOTPConfig, username).StructScan(config)
+	if err = p.db.QueryRowxContext(ctx, p.sqlSelectTOTPConfig, username).StructScan(config); err != nil {
-	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
-		if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
 			return nil, ErrNoTOTPSecret
 		}
 
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error selecting TOTP configuration: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if config.Secret, err = p.decrypt(config.Secret); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error decrypting the TOTP secret: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	// TODO: Decrypt config.Secret here.
 	return config, nil
 }
 
-// SaveU2FDevice saves a registered U2F device.
+// LoadTOTPConfigurations load a set of TOTP configurations.
-func (p *SQLProvider) SaveU2FDevice(ctx context.Context, device models.U2FDevice) (err error) {
+func (p *SQLProvider) LoadTOTPConfigurations(ctx context.Context, limit, page int) (configs []models.TOTPConfiguration, err error) {
-	_, err = p.db.ExecContext(ctx, p.sqlUpsertU2FDevice, device.Username, device.KeyHandle, device.PublicKey)
+	rows, err := p.db.QueryxContext(ctx, p.sqlSelectTOTPConfigs, limit, limit*page)
-
-	return err
-}
-
-// LoadU2FDevice loads a U2F device registration for a given username.
-func (p *SQLProvider) LoadU2FDevice(ctx context.Context, username string) (device *models.U2FDevice, err error) {
-	device = &models.U2FDevice{
-		Username: username,
-	}
-
-	err = p.db.GetContext(ctx, device, p.sqlSelectU2FDevice, username)
 	if err != nil {
-		if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
+		if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
-			return nil, ErrNoU2FDeviceHandle
+			return configs, nil
 		}
 
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error selecting TOTP configurations: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return device, nil
-}
-
-// AppendAuthenticationLog append a mark to the authentication log.
-func (p *SQLProvider) AppendAuthenticationLog(ctx context.Context, attempt models.AuthenticationAttempt) (err error) {
-	_, err = p.db.ExecContext(ctx, p.sqlInsertAuthenticationAttempt, attempt.Time, attempt.Successful, attempt.Username)
-	return err
-}
-
-// LoadAuthenticationLogs retrieve the latest failed authentications from the authentication log.
-func (p *SQLProvider) LoadAuthenticationLogs(ctx context.Context, username string, fromDate time.Time, limit, page int) (attempts []models.AuthenticationAttempt, err error) {
-	rows, err := p.db.QueryxContext(ctx, p.sqlSelectAuthenticationAttemptsByUsername, fromDate, username, limit, limit*page)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
 	}
 
 	defer func() {
@@ -283,13 +292,99 @@ func (p *SQLProvider) LoadAuthenticationLogs(ctx context.Context, username strin
 		}
 	}()
 
+	configs = make([]models.TOTPConfiguration, 0, limit)
+
+	var config models.TOTPConfiguration
+
+	for rows.Next() {
+		if err = rows.StructScan(&config); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("error scanning TOTP configuration to struct: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		if config.Secret, err = p.decrypt(config.Secret); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("error decrypting the TOTP secret: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		configs = append(configs, config)
+	}
+
+	return configs, nil
+}
+
+// UpdateTOTPConfigurationSecret updates a TOTP configuration secret.
+func (p *SQLProvider) UpdateTOTPConfigurationSecret(ctx context.Context, config models.TOTPConfiguration) (err error) {
+	switch config.ID {
+	case 0:
+		_, err = p.db.ExecContext(ctx, p.sqlUpdateTOTPConfigSecretByUsername, config.Secret, config.Username)
+	default:
+		_, err = p.db.ExecContext(ctx, p.sqlUpdateTOTPConfigSecret, config.Secret, config.ID)
+	}
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error updating TOTP configuration secret: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SaveU2FDevice saves a registered U2F device.
+func (p *SQLProvider) SaveU2FDevice(ctx context.Context, device models.U2FDevice) (err error) {
+	if _, err = p.db.ExecContext(ctx, p.sqlUpsertU2FDevice, device.Username, device.KeyHandle, device.PublicKey); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error upserting U2F device secret: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// LoadU2FDevice loads a U2F device registration for a given username.
+func (p *SQLProvider) LoadU2FDevice(ctx context.Context, username string) (device *models.U2FDevice, err error) {
+	device = &models.U2FDevice{
+		Username: username,
+	}
+
+	if err = p.db.GetContext(ctx, device, p.sqlSelectU2FDevice, username); err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
+			return nil, ErrNoU2FDeviceHandle
+		}
+
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error selecting U2F device: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return device, nil
+}
+
+// AppendAuthenticationLog append a mark to the authentication log.
+func (p *SQLProvider) AppendAuthenticationLog(ctx context.Context, attempt models.AuthenticationAttempt) (err error) {
+	if _, err = p.db.ExecContext(ctx, p.sqlInsertAuthenticationAttempt, attempt.Time, attempt.Successful, attempt.Username); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error inserting authentiation attempt: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// LoadAuthenticationLogs retrieve the latest failed authentications from the authentication log.
+func (p *SQLProvider) LoadAuthenticationLogs(ctx context.Context, username string, fromDate time.Time, limit, page int) (attempts []models.AuthenticationAttempt, err error) {
+	rows, err := p.db.QueryxContext(ctx, p.sqlSelectAuthenticationAttemptsByUsername, fromDate, username, limit, limit*page)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
+			return nil, ErrNoAuthenticationLogs
+		}
+
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error selecting authentication logs: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		if err := rows.Close(); err != nil {
+			p.log.Errorf(logFmtErrClosingConn, err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	var attempt models.AuthenticationAttempt
+
 	attempts = make([]models.AuthenticationAttempt, 0, limit)
 
 	for rows.Next() {
-		var attempt models.AuthenticationAttempt
+		if err = rows.StructScan(&attempt); err != nil {
-
-		err = rows.StructScan(&attempt)
-		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 

internal/storage/sql_provider_backend_mysql.go

@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ type MySQLProvider struct {
 }
 
 // NewMySQLProvider a MySQL provider.
-func NewMySQLProvider(config schema.MySQLStorageConfiguration) (provider *MySQLProvider) {
+func NewMySQLProvider(config schema.MySQLStorageConfiguration, encryptionKey string) (provider *MySQLProvider) {
 	provider = &MySQLProvider{
-		SQLProvider: NewSQLProvider(providerMySQL, providerMySQL, dataSourceNameMySQL(config)),
+		SQLProvider: NewSQLProvider(providerMySQL, providerMySQL, dataSourceNameMySQL(config), encryptionKey),
 	}
 
 	// All providers have differing SELECT existing table statements.

internal/storage/sql_provider_backend_postgres.go

@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ type PostgreSQLProvider struct {
 }
 
 // NewPostgreSQLProvider a PostgreSQL provider.
-func NewPostgreSQLProvider(config schema.PostgreSQLStorageConfiguration) (provider *PostgreSQLProvider) {
+func NewPostgreSQLProvider(config schema.PostgreSQLStorageConfiguration, encryptionKey string) (provider *PostgreSQLProvider) {
 	provider = &PostgreSQLProvider{
-		SQLProvider: NewSQLProvider(providerPostgres, "pgx", dataSourceNamePostgreSQL(config)),
+		SQLProvider: NewSQLProvider(providerPostgres, "pgx", dataSourceNamePostgreSQL(config), encryptionKey),
 	}
 
 	// All providers have differing SELECT existing table statements.
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ func NewPostgreSQLProvider(config schema.PostgreSQLStorageConfiguration) (provid
 	provider.sqlUpsertU2FDevice = fmt.Sprintf(queryFmtPostgresUpsertU2FDevice, tableU2FDevices)
 	provider.sqlUpsertTOTPConfig = fmt.Sprintf(queryFmtPostgresUpsertTOTPConfiguration, tableTOTPConfigurations)
 	provider.sqlUpsertPreferred2FAMethod = fmt.Sprintf(queryFmtPostgresUpsertPreferred2FAMethod, tableUserPreferences)
+	provider.sqlUpsertEncryptionValue = fmt.Sprintf(queryFmtPostgresUpsertEncryptionValue, tableEncryption)
 
 	// PostgreSQL requires rebinding of any query that contains a '?' placeholder to use the '$#' notation placeholders.
 	provider.sqlFmtRenameTable = provider.db.Rebind(provider.sqlFmtRenameTable)
@@ -40,10 +41,14 @@ func NewPostgreSQLProvider(config schema.PostgreSQLStorageConfiguration) (provid
 	provider.sqlSelectTOTPConfig = provider.db.Rebind(provider.sqlSelectTOTPConfig)
 	provider.sqlUpsertTOTPConfig = provider.db.Rebind(provider.sqlUpsertTOTPConfig)
 	provider.sqlDeleteTOTPConfig = provider.db.Rebind(provider.sqlDeleteTOTPConfig)
+	provider.sqlSelectTOTPConfigs = provider.db.Rebind(provider.sqlSelectTOTPConfigs)
+	provider.sqlUpdateTOTPConfigSecret = provider.db.Rebind(provider.sqlUpdateTOTPConfigSecret)
+	provider.sqlUpdateTOTPConfigSecretByUsername = provider.db.Rebind(provider.sqlUpdateTOTPConfigSecretByUsername)
 	provider.sqlSelectU2FDevice = provider.db.Rebind(provider.sqlSelectU2FDevice)
 	provider.sqlInsertAuthenticationAttempt = provider.db.Rebind(provider.sqlInsertAuthenticationAttempt)
 	provider.sqlSelectAuthenticationAttemptsByUsername = provider.db.Rebind(provider.sqlSelectAuthenticationAttemptsByUsername)
 	provider.sqlInsertMigration = provider.db.Rebind(provider.sqlInsertMigration)
+	provider.sqlSelectEncryptionValue = provider.db.Rebind(provider.sqlSelectEncryptionValue)
 
 	return provider
 }

internal/storage/sql_provider_backend_sqlite.go

@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ type SQLiteProvider struct {
 }
 
 // NewSQLiteProvider constructs a SQLite provider.
-func NewSQLiteProvider(path string) (provider *SQLiteProvider) {
+func NewSQLiteProvider(path, encryptionKey string) (provider *SQLiteProvider) {
 	provider = &SQLiteProvider{
-		SQLProvider: NewSQLProvider(providerSQLite, "sqlite3", path),
+		SQLProvider: NewSQLProvider(providerSQLite, "sqlite3", path, encryptionKey),
 	}
 
 	// All providers have differing SELECT existing table statements.

internal/storage/sql_provider_encryption.go

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+package storage
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/jmoiron/sqlx"
+
+	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/models"
+	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/utils"
+)
+
+// SchemaEncryptionChangeKey uses the currently configured key to decrypt values in the database and the key provided
+// by this command to encrypt the values again and update them using a transaction.
+func (p *SQLProvider) SchemaEncryptionChangeKey(ctx context.Context, encryptionKey string) (err error) {
+	tx, err := p.db.Beginx()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error beginning transaction to change encryption key: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	key := sha256.Sum256([]byte(encryptionKey))
+
+	var configs []models.TOTPConfiguration
+
+	for page := 0; true; page++ {
+		if configs, err = p.LoadTOTPConfigurations(ctx, 10, page); err != nil {
+			if rollbackErr := tx.Rollback(); rollbackErr != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("rollback error %v: rollback due to error: %w", rollbackErr, err)
+			}
+
+			return fmt.Errorf("rollback due to error: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		for _, config := range configs {
+			if config.Secret, err = utils.Encrypt(config.Secret, &key); err != nil {
+				if rollbackErr := tx.Rollback(); rollbackErr != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("rollback error %v: rollback due to error: %w", rollbackErr, err)
+				}
+
+				return fmt.Errorf("rollback due to error: %w", err)
+			}
+
+			if err = p.UpdateTOTPConfigurationSecret(ctx, config); err != nil {
+				if rollbackErr := tx.Rollback(); rollbackErr != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("rollback error %v: rollback due to error: %w", rollbackErr, err)
+				}
+
+				return fmt.Errorf("rollback due to error: %w", err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if len(configs) != 10 {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err = p.setNewEncryptionCheckValue(ctx, &key, tx); err != nil {
+		if rollbackErr := tx.Rollback(); rollbackErr != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("rollback error %v: rollback due to error: %w", rollbackErr, err)
+		}
+
+		return fmt.Errorf("rollback due to error: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return tx.Commit()
+}
+
+// SchemaEncryptionCheckKey checks the encryption key configured is valid for the database.
+func (p *SQLProvider) SchemaEncryptionCheckKey(ctx context.Context, verbose bool) (err error) {
+	version, err := p.SchemaVersion(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if version < 1 {
+		return ErrSchemaEncryptionVersionUnsupported
+	}
+
+	var errs []error
+
+	if _, err = p.getEncryptionValue(ctx, encryptionNameCheck); err != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, ErrSchemaEncryptionInvalidKey)
+	}
+
+	if verbose {
+		var (
+			config  models.TOTPConfiguration
+			row     int
+			invalid int
+			total   int
+		)
+
+		pageSize := 10
+
+		var rows *sqlx.Rows
+
+		for page := 0; true; page++ {
+			if rows, err = p.db.QueryxContext(ctx, p.sqlSelectTOTPConfigs, pageSize, pageSize*page); err != nil {
+				_ = rows.Close()
+
+				return fmt.Errorf("error selecting TOTP configurations: %w", err)
+			}
+
+			row = 0
+
+			for rows.Next() {
+				total++
+				row++
+
+				if err = rows.StructScan(&config); err != nil {
+					_ = rows.Close()
+					return fmt.Errorf("error scanning TOTP configuration to struct: %w", err)
+				}
+
+				if _, err = p.decrypt(config.Secret); err != nil {
+					invalid++
+				}
+			}
+
+			_ = rows.Close()
+
+			if row < pageSize {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+
+		if invalid != 0 {
+			errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("%d of %d total TOTP secrets were invalid", invalid, total))
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(errs) != 0 {
+		for i, e := range errs {
+			if i == 0 {
+				err = e
+
+				continue
+			}
+
+			err = fmt.Errorf("%w, %v", err, e)
+		}
+
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (p SQLProvider) encrypt(clearText []byte) (cipherText []byte, err error) {
+	return utils.Encrypt(clearText, &p.key)
+}
+
+func (p SQLProvider) decrypt(cipherText []byte) (clearText []byte, err error) {
+	return utils.Decrypt(cipherText, &p.key)
+}
+
+func (p *SQLProvider) getEncryptionValue(ctx context.Context, name string) (value []byte, err error) {
+	var encryptedValue []byte
+
+	err = p.db.GetContext(ctx, &encryptedValue, p.sqlSelectEncryptionValue, name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return p.decrypt(encryptedValue)
+}
+
+func (p *SQLProvider) setNewEncryptionCheckValue(ctx context.Context, key *[32]byte, e sqlx.ExecerContext) (err error) {
+	valueClearText := uuid.New()
+
+	value, err := utils.Encrypt([]byte(valueClearText.String()), key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if e != nil {
+		_, err = e.ExecContext(ctx, p.sqlUpsertEncryptionValue, encryptionNameCheck, value)
+	} else {
+		_, err = p.db.ExecContext(ctx, p.sqlUpsertEncryptionValue, encryptionNameCheck, value)
+	}
+
+	return err
+}

internal/storage/sql_provider_queries.go

@@ -78,6 +78,24 @@ const (
 		FROM %s
 		WHERE username = ?;`
 
+	queryFmtSelectTOTPConfigurations = `
+		SELECT id, username, algorithm, digits, totp_period, secret
+		FROM %s
+		LIMIT ?
+		OFFSET ?;`
+
+	//nolint:gosec // These are not hardcoded credentials it's a query to obtain credentials.
+	queryFmtUpdateTOTPConfigurationSecret = `
+		UPDATE %s
+		SET secret = ?
+		WHERE id = ?;`
+
+	//nolint:gosec // These are not hardcoded credentials it's a query to obtain credentials.
+	queryFmtUpdateTOTPConfigurationSecretByUsername = `
+		UPDATE %s
+		SET secret = ?
+		WHERE username = ?;`
+
 	queryFmtUpsertTOTPConfiguration = `
 		REPLACE INTO %s (username, algorithm, digits, totp_period, secret)
 		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?);`
@@ -123,3 +141,20 @@ const (
 		LIMIT ?
 		OFFSET ?;`
 )
+
+const (
+	queryFmtSelectEncryptionValue = `
+		SELECT (value)
+        FROM %s
+        WHERE name = ?`
+
+	queryFmtUpsertEncryptionValue = `
+		REPLACE INTO %s (name, value)
+		VALUES (?, ?);`
+
+	queryFmtPostgresUpsertEncryptionValue = `
+		INSERT INTO %s (name, value)
+		VALUES ($1, $2)
+			ON CONFLICT (name)
+			DO UPDATE SET value=$2;`
+)

internal/storage/sql_provider_schema.go

@@ -63,8 +63,6 @@ func (p *SQLProvider) SchemaVersion(ctx context.Context) (version int, err error
 		return -1, nil
 	}
 
-	// TODO: Decide if we want to support external tables.
-	// return -2, ErrUnknownSchemaState
 	return 0, nil
 }
 
@@ -213,7 +211,18 @@ func (p *SQLProvider) schemaMigrateApply(ctx context.Context, migration SchemaMi
 		return fmt.Errorf(errFmtFailedMigration, migration.Version, migration.Name, err)
 	}
 
+	if migration.Version == 1 {
 		// Skip the migration history insertion in a migration to v0.
+		if !migration.Up {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		// Add the schema encryption value if upgrading to v1.
+		if err = p.setNewEncryptionCheckValue(ctx, &p.key, nil); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
 	if migration.Version == 1 && !migration.Up {
 		return nil
 	}

internal/storage/sql_provider_schema_pre1.go

@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@ func (p *SQLProvider) schemaMigratePre1To1(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 		return fmt.Errorf(errFmtFailedMigration, migration.Version, migration.Name, err)
 	}
 
+	if err = p.setNewEncryptionCheckValue(ctx, &p.key, nil); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	if _, err = p.db.ExecContext(ctx, fmt.Sprintf(p.db.Rebind(queryFmtPre1InsertUserPreferencesFromSelect),
 		tableUserPreferences, tablePrefixBackup+tableUserPreferences)); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -213,8 +217,10 @@ func (p *SQLProvider) schemaMigratePre1To1TOTP(ctx context.Context) (err error)
 			return err
 		}
 
-		// TODO: Add encryption migration here.
+		encryptedSecret, err := p.encrypt([]byte(secret))
-		encryptedSecret := "encrypted:" + secret
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 
 		totpConfigs = append(totpConfigs, models.TOTPConfiguration{Username: username, Secret: encryptedSecret})
 	}
@@ -288,6 +294,7 @@ func (p *SQLProvider) schemaMigrate1ToPre1(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 		tableDUODevices,
 		tableUserPreferences,
 		tableAuthenticationLogs,
+		tableEncryption,
 	}
 
 	if err = p.schemaMigratePre1Rename(ctx, tables, tablesRename); err != nil {
@@ -388,18 +395,22 @@ func (p *SQLProvider) schemaMigrate1ToPre1TOTP(ctx context.Context) (err error)
 	}()
 
 	for rows.Next() {
-		var username, encryptedSecret string
+		var (
+			username         string
+			secretCipherText []byte
+		)
 
-		err = rows.Scan(&username, &encryptedSecret)
+		err = rows.Scan(&username, &secretCipherText)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		// TODO: Fix.
+		secretClearText, err := p.decrypt(secretCipherText)
-		// TODO: Add DECRYPTION migration here.
+		if err != nil {
-		decryptedSecret := strings.Replace(encryptedSecret, "encrypted:", "", 1)
+			return err
+		}
 
-		totpConfigs = append(totpConfigs, models.TOTPConfiguration{Username: username, Secret: decryptedSecret})
+		totpConfigs = append(totpConfigs, models.TOTPConfiguration{Username: username, Secret: secretClearText})
 	}
 
 	for _, config := range totpConfigs {

internal/suites/ActiveDirectory/configuration.yml

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ session:
   remember_me_duration: 1y
 
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_not_so_secure_encryption_key
   local:
     path: /config/db.sqlite3
 

internal/suites/BypassAll/configuration.yml

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ session:
   remember_me_duration: 1y
 
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_not_so_secure_encryption_key
   local:
     path: /config/db.sqlite
 

internal/suites/CLI/configuration.yml

@@ -26,8 +26,9 @@ session:
   remember_me_duration: 1y
 
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_not_so_secure_encryption_key
   local:
-    path: /config/db.sqlite
+    path: /tmp/db.sqlite
 
 access_control:
   default_policy: bypass
@@ -43,5 +44,5 @@ access_control:
 
 notifier:
   filesystem:
-    filename: /config/notification.txt
+    filename: /tmp/notification.txt
 ...

internal/suites/CLI/docker-compose.yml

@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ services:
   authelia-backend:
     volumes:
       - './CLI/configuration.yml:/config/configuration.yml:ro'
+      - './CLI/storage.yml:/config/configuration.storage.yml:ro'
       - './CLI/users.yml:/config/users.yml'
       - './common/ssl:/config/ssl:ro'
+      - '/tmp:/tmp'
+    user: ${USER_ID}:${GROUP_ID}
 ...

internal/suites/CLI/storage.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+---
+storage:
+  encryption_key: a_cli_encryption_key_which_isnt_secure
+  local:
+    path: /tmp/db.sqlite3
+...

internal/suites/Docker/configuration.yml

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ session:
   remember_me_duration: 1y
 
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_not_so_secure_encryption_key
   local:
     path: /config/db.sqlite3
 

internal/suites/DuoPush/configuration.yml

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ session:
 
 # Configuration of the storage backend used to store data and secrets. i.e. totp data
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_not_so_secure_encryption_key
   local:
     path: /config/db.sqlite
 

internal/suites/HAProxy/configuration.yml

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ session:
   remember_me_duration: 1y
 
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_not_so_secure_encryption_key
   local:
     path: /config/db.sqlite
 

internal/suites/HighAvailability/configuration.yml

@@ -110,6 +110,7 @@ regulation:
   ban_time: 10
 
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_not_so_secure_encryption_key
   mysql:
     host: mariadb
     port: 3306

internal/suites/LDAP/configuration.yml

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ session:
   remember_me_duration: 1y
 
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_not_so_secure_encryption_key
   local:
     path: /config/db.sqlite3
 

internal/suites/Mariadb/configuration.yml

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ session:
 
 # Configuration of the storage backend used to store data and secrets. i.e. totp data
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_not_so_secure_encryption_key
   mysql:
     host: mariadb
     port: 3306

internal/suites/MySQL/configuration.yml

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ session:
 
 # Configuration of the storage backend used to store data and secrets. i.e. totp data
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_not_so_secure_encryption_key
   mysql:
     host: mysql
     port: 3306

internal/suites/NetworkACL/configuration.yml

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ session:
 
 # Configuration of the storage backend used to store data and secrets. i.e. totp data
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_not_so_secure_encryption_key
   local:
     path: /config/db.sqlite
 

internal/suites/OIDC/configuration.yml

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ session:
     port: 6379
 
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_not_so_secure_encryption_key
   local:
     path: /config/db.sqlite
 

internal/suites/OIDCTraefik/configuration.yml

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ session:
     port: 6379
 
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_not_so_secure_encryption_key
   local:
     path: /config/db.sqlite
 

internal/suites/OneFactorOnly/configuration.yml

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ session:
   remember_me_duration: 1y
 
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_not_so_secure_encryption_key
   local:
     path: /config/db.sqlite
 

internal/suites/PathPrefix/configuration.yml

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ session:
   remember_me_duration: 1y
 
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_not_so_secure_encryption_key
   local:
     path: /config/db.sqlite
 

internal/suites/Postgres/configuration.yml

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ session:
 
 # Configuration of the storage backend used to store data and secrets. i.e. totp data
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_not_so_secure_encryption_key
   postgres:
     host: postgres
     port: 5432

internal/suites/ShortTimeouts/configuration.yml

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ session:
   remember_me_duration: 1y
 
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_not_so_secure_encryption_key
   local:
     path: /config/db.sqlite
 

internal/suites/Standalone/configuration.yml

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ session:
   remember_me_duration: 1y
 
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_not_so_secure_encryption_key
   local:
     path: /tmp/db.sqlite3
 

internal/suites/Traefik/configuration.yml

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ session:
   remember_me_duration: 1y
 
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_not_so_secure_encryption_key
   local:
     path: /config/db.sqlite
 

internal/suites/Traefik2/configuration.yml

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ session:
     password: redis-user-password
 
 storage:
+  encryption_key: a_not_so_secure_encryption_key
   local:
     path: /config/db.sqlite
 

internal/suites/example/kube/authelia/deployment.yml

@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ spec:
               value: /app/secrets/session
             - name: AUTHELIA_STORAGE_MYSQL_PASSWORD_FILE
               value: /app/secrets/sql_password
+            - name: AUTHELIA_STORAGE_ENCRYPTION_KEY_FILE
+              value: /app/secrets/encryption_key
             - name: ENVIRONMENT
               value: dev
       volumes:
@@ -69,4 +71,6 @@ spec:
                 path: sql_password
               - key: ldap_password
                 path: ldap_password
+              - key: encryption_key
+                path: encryption_key
 ...

internal/suites/example/kube/authelia/secret.yml

@@ -12,4 +12,5 @@ data:
   ldap_password: cGFzc3dvcmQ=  # password
   session: dW5zZWN1cmVfcGFzc3dvcmQ=  # unsecure_password
   sql_password: cGFzc3dvcmQ=  # password
+  encryption_key: YV9ub3Rfc29fc2VjdXJlX2VuY3J5cHRpb25fa2V5
 ...

internal/suites/suite_cli.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package suites
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"time"
 )
 
@@ -35,6 +36,9 @@ func init() {
 
 	teardown := func(suitePath string) error {
 		err := dockerEnvironment.Down()
+		_ = os.Remove("/tmp/db.sqlite3")
+		_ = os.Remove("/tmp/db.sqlite")
+
 		return err
 	}
 

internal/suites/suite_cli_test.go

@@ -1,11 +1,18 @@
 package suites
 
 import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"regexp"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/pquerna/otp"
+	"github.com/pquerna/otp/totp"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/suite"
+
+	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/models"
+	"github.com/authelia/authelia/v4/internal/storage"
 )
 
 type CLISuite struct {
@@ -40,7 +47,7 @@ func (s *CLISuite) SetupTest() {
 
 func (s *CLISuite) TestShouldPrintBuildInformation() {
 	output, err := s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "build-info"})
-	s.Assert().Nil(err)
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Last Tag: ")
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "State: ")
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Branch: ")
@@ -55,13 +62,13 @@ func (s *CLISuite) TestShouldPrintBuildInformation() {
 
 func (s *CLISuite) TestShouldPrintVersion() {
 	output, err := s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "--version"})
-	s.Assert().Nil(err)
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "authelia version")
 }
 
 func (s *CLISuite) TestShouldValidateConfig() {
 	output, err := s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "validate-config", "/config/configuration.yml"})
-	s.Assert().Nil(err)
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Configuration parsed successfully without errors")
 }
 
@@ -73,33 +80,33 @@ func (s *CLISuite) TestShouldFailValidateConfig() {
 
 func (s *CLISuite) TestShouldHashPasswordArgon2id() {
 	output, err := s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "hash-password", "test", "-m", "32", "-s", "test1234"})
-	s.Assert().Nil(err)
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Password hash: $argon2id$v=19$m=32768,t=1,p=8")
 }
 
 func (s *CLISuite) TestShouldHashPasswordSHA512() {
 	output, err := s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "hash-password", "test", "-z"})
-	s.Assert().Nil(err)
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Password hash: $6$rounds=50000")
 }
 
 func (s *CLISuite) TestShouldGenerateCertificateRSA() {
 	output, err := s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "certificates", "generate", "--host", "*.example.com", "--dir", "/tmp/"})
-	s.Assert().Nil(err)
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Certificate Public Key written to /tmp/cert.pem")
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Certificate Private Key written to /tmp/key.pem")
 }
 
 func (s *CLISuite) TestShouldGenerateCertificateRSAWithIPAddress() {
 	output, err := s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "certificates", "generate", "--host", "127.0.0.1", "--dir", "/tmp/"})
-	s.Assert().Nil(err)
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Certificate Public Key written to /tmp/cert.pem")
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Certificate Private Key written to /tmp/key.pem")
 }
 
 func (s *CLISuite) TestShouldGenerateCertificateRSAWithStartDate() {
 	output, err := s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "certificates", "generate", "--host", "*.example.com", "--dir", "/tmp/", "--start-date", "'Jan 1 15:04:05 2011'"})
-	s.Assert().Nil(err)
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Certificate Public Key written to /tmp/cert.pem")
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Certificate Private Key written to /tmp/key.pem")
 }
@@ -112,14 +119,14 @@ func (s *CLISuite) TestShouldFailGenerateCertificateRSAWithStartDate() {
 
 func (s *CLISuite) TestShouldGenerateCertificateCA() {
 	output, err := s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "certificates", "generate", "--host", "*.example.com", "--dir", "/tmp/", "--ca"})
-	s.Assert().Nil(err)
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Certificate Public Key written to /tmp/cert.pem")
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Certificate Private Key written to /tmp/key.pem")
 }
 
 func (s *CLISuite) TestShouldGenerateCertificateEd25519() {
 	output, err := s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "certificates", "generate", "--host", "*.example.com", "--dir", "/tmp/", "--ed25519"})
-	s.Assert().Nil(err)
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Certificate Public Key written to /tmp/cert.pem")
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Certificate Private Key written to /tmp/key.pem")
 }
@@ -132,32 +139,238 @@ func (s *CLISuite) TestShouldFailGenerateCertificateECDSA() {
 
 func (s *CLISuite) TestShouldGenerateCertificateECDSAP224() {
 	output, err := s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "certificates", "generate", "--host", "*.example.com", "--dir", "/tmp/", "--ecdsa-curve", "P224"})
-	s.Assert().Nil(err)
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Certificate Public Key written to /tmp/cert.pem")
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Certificate Private Key written to /tmp/key.pem")
 }
 
 func (s *CLISuite) TestShouldGenerateCertificateECDSAP256() {
 	output, err := s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "certificates", "generate", "--host", "*.example.com", "--dir", "/tmp/", "--ecdsa-curve", "P256"})
-	s.Assert().Nil(err)
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Certificate Public Key written to /tmp/cert.pem")
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Certificate Private Key written to /tmp/key.pem")
 }
 
 func (s *CLISuite) TestShouldGenerateCertificateECDSAP384() {
 	output, err := s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "certificates", "generate", "--host", "*.example.com", "--dir", "/tmp/", "--ecdsa-curve", "P384"})
-	s.Assert().Nil(err)
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Certificate Public Key written to /tmp/cert.pem")
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Certificate Private Key written to /tmp/key.pem")
 }
 
 func (s *CLISuite) TestShouldGenerateCertificateECDSAP521() {
 	output, err := s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "certificates", "generate", "--host", "*.example.com", "--dir", "/tmp/", "--ecdsa-curve", "P521"})
-	s.Assert().Nil(err)
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Certificate Public Key written to /tmp/cert.pem")
 	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Certificate Private Key written to /tmp/key.pem")
 }
 
+func (s *CLISuite) TestStorageShouldShowErrWithoutConfig() {
+	output, err := s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "schema-info"})
+	s.Assert().EqualError(err, "exit status 1")
+
+	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Error: A storage configuration must be provided. It could be 'local', 'mysql' or 'postgres', the configuration option storage.encryption_key must be provided\n")
+
+	output, err = s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "migrate", "history"})
+	s.Assert().EqualError(err, "exit status 1")
+
+	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Error: A storage configuration must be provided. It could be 'local', 'mysql' or 'postgres', the configuration option storage.encryption_key must be provided\n")
+}
+
+func (s *CLISuite) TestStorage00ShouldShowCorrectPreInitInformation() {
+	output, err := s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "schema-info", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml"})
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
+
+	pattern := regexp.MustCompile(`^Schema Version: N/A\nSchema Upgrade Available: yes - version \d+\nSchema Tables: N/A\nSchema Encryption Key: unsupported \(schema version\)`)
+
+	s.Assert().Regexp(pattern, output)
+
+	patternOutdated := regexp.MustCompile(`Error: schema is version \d+ which is outdated please migrate to version \d+ in order to use this command or use an older binary`)
+
+	output, err = s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "export", "totp-configurations", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml"})
+	s.Assert().EqualError(err, "exit status 1")
+	s.Assert().Regexp(patternOutdated, output)
+
+	output, err = s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "encryption", "change-key", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml"})
+	s.Assert().EqualError(err, "exit status 1")
+	s.Assert().Regexp(patternOutdated, output)
+
+	output, err = s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "encryption", "check", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml"})
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
+	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Could not check encryption key for validity. The schema version doesn't support encryption.")
+
+	output, err = s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "migrate", "down", "--target", "0", "--destroy-data", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml"})
+	s.Assert().EqualError(err, "exit status 1")
+	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Error: schema migration target version 0 is the same current version 0")
+
+	output, err = s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "migrate", "up", "--target", "2147483640", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml"})
+	s.Assert().EqualError(err, "exit status 1")
+	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Error: schema up migration target version 2147483640 is greater then the latest version ")
+	s.Assert().Contains(output, " which indicates it doesn't exist")
+
+	output, err = s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml", "migrate", "history"})
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
+
+	s.Assert().Contains(output, "No migration history is available for schemas that not version 1 or above.\n")
+
+	output, err = s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml", "migrate", "list-up"})
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
+
+	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Storage Schema Migration List (Up)\n\nVersion\t\tDescription\n1\t\tInitial Schema\n")
+
+	output, err = s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml", "migrate", "list-down"})
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
+
+	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Storage Schema Migration List (Down)\n\nNo Migrations Available\n")
+}
+
+func (s *CLISuite) TestStorage01ShouldMigrateUp() {
+	output, err := s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml", "migrate", "up"})
+	s.Require().NoError(err)
+
+	pattern0 := regexp.MustCompile(`"Storage schema migration from \d+ to \d+ is being attempted"`)
+	pattern1 := regexp.MustCompile(`"Storage schema migration from \d+ to \d+ is complete"`)
+
+	s.Regexp(pattern0, output)
+	s.Regexp(pattern1, output)
+
+	output, err = s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml", "migrate", "up"})
+	s.Assert().EqualError(err, "exit status 1")
+
+	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Error: schema already up to date\n")
+
+	output, err = s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml", "migrate", "history"})
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
+
+	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Migration History:\n\nID\tDate\t\t\t\tBefore\tAfter\tAuthelia Version\n")
+	s.Assert().Contains(output, "0\t1")
+
+	output, err = s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml", "migrate", "list-up"})
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
+
+	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Storage Schema Migration List (Up)\n\nNo Migrations Available")
+
+	output, err = s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml", "migrate", "list-down"})
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
+
+	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Storage Schema Migration List (Down)\n\nVersion\t\tDescription\n")
+	s.Assert().Contains(output, "1\t\tInitial Schema")
+}
+
+func (s *CLISuite) TestStorage02ShouldShowSchemaInfo() {
+	output, err := s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "schema-info", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml"})
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
+
+	pattern := regexp.MustCompile(`^Schema Version: \d+\nSchema Upgrade Available: no\nSchema Tables: authentication_logs, identity_verification_tokens, totp_configurations, u2f_devices, user_preferences, migrations, encryption\nSchema Encryption Key: valid`)
+
+	s.Assert().Regexp(pattern, output)
+}
+
+func (s *CLISuite) TestStorage03ShouldExportTOTP() {
+	provider := storage.NewSQLiteProvider("/tmp/db.sqlite3", "a_cli_encryption_key_which_isnt_secure")
+
+	s.Require().NoError(provider.StartupCheck())
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	var (
+		err    error
+		key    *otp.Key
+		config models.TOTPConfiguration
+	)
+
+	var (
+		expectedLines    = make([]string, 0, 3)
+		expectedLinesCSV = make([]string, 0, 4)
+		output           string
+	)
+
+	expectedLinesCSV = append(expectedLinesCSV, "issuer,username,algorithm,digits,period,secret")
+
+	for _, name := range []string{"john", "mary", "fred"} {
+		key, err = totp.Generate(totp.GenerateOpts{
+			Issuer:      "Authelia",
+			AccountName: name,
+			Period:      uint(30),
+			SecretSize:  32,
+			Digits:      otp.Digits(6),
+			Algorithm:   otp.AlgorithmSHA1,
+		})
+		s.Require().NoError(err)
+
+		config = models.TOTPConfiguration{
+			Username:  name,
+			Algorithm: "SHA1",
+			Digits:    6,
+			Secret:    []byte(key.Secret()),
+			Period:    key.Period(),
+		}
+
+		expectedLinesCSV = append(expectedLinesCSV, fmt.Sprintf("%s,%s,%s,%d,%d,%s", "Authelia", config.Username, config.Algorithm, config.Digits, config.Period, string(config.Secret)))
+		expectedLines = append(expectedLines, fmt.Sprintf("otpauth://totp/%s:%s?secret=%s&issuer=%s&algorithm=%s&digits=%d&period=%d", "Authelia", config.Username, string(config.Secret), "Authelia", config.Algorithm, config.Digits, config.Period))
+
+		s.Require().NoError(provider.SaveTOTPConfiguration(ctx, config))
+	}
+
+	output, err = s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "export", "totp-configurations", "--format", "uri", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml"})
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
+
+	for _, expectedLine := range expectedLines {
+		s.Assert().Contains(output, expectedLine)
+	}
+
+	output, err = s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "export", "totp-configurations", "--format", "csv", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml"})
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
+
+	for _, expectedLine := range expectedLinesCSV {
+		s.Assert().Contains(output, expectedLine)
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *CLISuite) TestStorage04ShouldChangeEncryptionKey() {
+	output, err := s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "encryption", "change-key", "--new-encryption-key", "apple-apple-apple-apple", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml"})
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
+
+	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Completed the encryption key change. Please adjust your configuration to use the new key.\n")
+
+	output, err = s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "schema-info", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml"})
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
+
+	pattern := regexp.MustCompile(`Schema Version: \d+\nSchema Upgrade Available: no\nSchema Tables: authentication_logs, identity_verification_tokens, totp_configurations, u2f_devices, user_preferences, migrations, encryption\nSchema Encryption Key: invalid`)
+	s.Assert().Regexp(pattern, output)
+
+	output, err = s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "encryption", "check", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml"})
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
+
+	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Encryption key validation: failed.\n\nError: the encryption key is not valid against the schema check value.\n")
+
+	output, err = s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "encryption", "check", "--verbose", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml"})
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
+
+	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Encryption key validation: failed.\n\nError: the encryption key is not valid against the schema check value, 3 of 3 total TOTP secrets were invalid.\n")
+
+	output, err = s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "encryption", "check", "--encryption-key", "apple-apple-apple-apple", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml"})
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
+
+	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Encryption key validation: success.\n")
+
+	output, err = s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "encryption", "check", "--verbose", "--encryption-key", "apple-apple-apple-apple", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml"})
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
+
+	s.Assert().Contains(output, "Encryption key validation: success.\n")
+}
+
+func (s *CLISuite) TestStorage05ShouldMigrateDown() {
+	output, err := s.Exec("authelia-backend", []string{"authelia", s.testArg, s.coverageArg, "storage", "migrate", "down", "--target", "0", "--destroy-data", "--config", "/config/configuration.storage.yml"})
+	s.Assert().NoError(err)
+
+	pattern0 := regexp.MustCompile(`"Storage schema migration from \d+ to \d+ is being attempted"`)
+	pattern1 := regexp.MustCompile(`"Storage schema migration from \d+ to \d+ is complete"`)
+
+	s.Regexp(pattern0, output)
+	s.Regexp(pattern1, output)
+}
+
 func TestCLISuite(t *testing.T) {
 	if testing.Short() {
 		t.Skip("skipping suite test in short mode")

internal/suites/suite_standalone_test.go

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ func (s *StandaloneWebDriverSuite) TestShouldCheckUserIsAskedToRegisterDevice()
 	password := "password"
 
 	// Clean up any TOTP secret already in DB.
-	provider := storage.NewSQLiteProvider("/tmp/db.sqlite3")
+	provider := storage.NewSQLiteProvider("/tmp/db.sqlite3", "a_not_so_secure_encryption_key")
 
 	require.NoError(s.T(), provider.StartupCheck())
 	require.NoError(s.T(), provider.DeleteTOTPConfiguration(ctx, username))